Middle Finger

1. Ith’har Halqi [Al-Ith’har] الإِظْهَار

Literal meaning: To make something clear

The rule: If after Nûn Sakinah "نْ"or Tanween "رجلٌ, رجلٍ ,رجلًا " [an, in, un sound] comes any of the Ith’har letters then it will be read clearly with no merging or sounds.

The Ith’har letters are also the Huroof Halqiyah (throat letters), hence its also known as Ith’har Halqi

The Huroof Halaqiyya or Ith’har letters are: (ء – هـ – ع – ح – غ – خ)

هَاءٌ - هَمْزٌ – عَيْنٌ حَاءٌ – غَيْنٌ خَاءٌ

– Examples of Ith’har with Noon As-Sakinah:

– Examples of Ith’har with Tanween:

2 – [Al-Idghaam الإِدْغَام]

Literal meaning: To merge something into something else

The rule: If after Nûn Sakinah "نْ"or Tanween "رجلٌ, رجلٍ ,رجلًا " [an, in, un sound] comes any of the Idghaam letters, you will merge the Nûn Sakinah or Tanween into the letter. The emphasis will be on the succeeding letter because of the presence of Shaddah.

Letters of Idghaam:

ي , ر , م , ل , و , ن

and they are collected in the word:

يَرْمَلُون

Note: Idghaam will only appear in two words. Reason is shown below

Idghaam is of two types:

2.1 – Idghaam Bi-Ghunnah [Al-Idghaam الإِدْغَام]

Idghaam with Ghunna:

It has four letters (ي , ن , م , و (يَنْمُو.

If any of these letters come after Nûn As-Sakinah or Tanween it is read with Ghunna.

There are only four places in the Quran where Idghaam with Ghunna comes in one word (But they are recited with Ith’har) and they are:

{صِنْوَانٌ} An’aam 99 {قِنْوَانٌ} Ar-Ra’ad 4 {الدُّنْيَا} Al-Baqara 85 {بُنْيَانٌ} As-Saf 4

2.2 – Idghaam Bil-Ghunnah [Al-Idghaam الإِدْغَام]

Idghaam without Ghunna:

It has two letters

ل , ر

If any of these two letters come after Nûn As-Sakinah or Tanween it will be read without Ghunna.

– Examples of Idghaam without Ghunna with Noon As-Sakinah:

– Examples of Idghaam without Ghunna with Tanween:

3. Ikhfa Haqiqi [Al-Ikhfaa’ الإِخْفَاء]

Literal meaning: To conceal something

The rule: If any of the 15 letters of Ikhfaa’ come after Noon As-Sakinah or Tanween the word will be read with Ikhfaa’ and the sound is considered to be between Ith’har and Idghaam with the existence of Ghunna, and the duration will be of two Harakah.

Letters of Ikhfaa’: ت، ث، ج، د، ذ، ز، س، ش، ص، ض، ط، ظ، ف، ق، ك

They are the first letter of each word in this verse;

صِفْ ذَا ثَنَا كَمْ جَادَ شَخْصٌ قَدْ سَمَا

دُمْ طَيِّبًا زِدْ فِي تُقًى ضَعْ ظَالِمَا

– Examples of Ikhfaa’ with Noon As-Sakinah and Tanween:

4. Al-Iqlaab الإِقْلاَب

Literal meaning: To change something into something else

The rule: If after Nûn Saakinah or Tanween appears the letter of Iqlaab then the reader will substitute the Nûn Saakinah or Tanween into a Meem (م) and it will be recited with the sound between Idghaam and Ikhfaa’.

Letter of Iqlaab: ب .

– Examples of Iqlaab with Noon As-Sakinah:

– Examples of Iqlaab with Tanween: